home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- $Unique_ID{BRK04299}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Tyrosinemia, Hereditary}
- $Subject{Tyrosinemia, Hereditary Tyrosinemia, Hereditary, Hepatorenal Type
- Tyrosyluria Acute Form Hereditary Tyrosinemia Chronic Form Hereditary
- Tyrosinemia}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1990, 1992 National Organization for Rare
- Disorders, Inc.
-
- 446:
- Tyrosinemia, Hereditary
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Hereditary Tyrosinemia) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next
- page to find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders
- covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Tyrosinemia, Hereditary, Hepatorenal Type
- Tyrosyluria
-
- DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
-
- Acute Form Hereditary Tyrosinemia
- Chronic Form Hereditary Tyrosinemia
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about the disorders, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Tyrosinemia is a rare inborn error of metabolism involving the amino acid
- tyrosine associated with a lack of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase
- parahydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (p-HPPA) oxidase. The disorder is
- characterized by elevated levels of tyrosine and its metabolites (including
- succinylacetone) in the urine. It causes developmental delay and profound
- liver dysfunction, kidney problems, and liver cell cancer. There are often
- neurologic problems causing peripheral nerve palsy and paralysis.
-
- Symptoms
-
- The acute form of Tyrosinemia starts at birth, and is characterized by
- failure to thrive and liver enlargement with or without a distended abdomen.
- Vomiting, swelling (edema), fluid accumulation in the abdomen (dropsy or
- ascites), and moderate mental retardation may occur in at least half of the
- cases. Anemia, yellow tinted skin (jaundice), the passing of dark, bloody
- stools (melena), an enlarged spleen, blood in the urine (hematuria), diarrhea
- and spontaneous bruising (ecchymoses) occur in nearly one-third of patients
- with acute Tyrosinemia. The most serious complications involve neurologic
- crises.
-
- The chronic form of hereditary Tyrosinemia occurs in a relatively smaller
- number of patients. Symptoms develop as a complication of kidney malfunction
- and may include softened bones (rickets) and a mild liver disease
- (cirrhosis). Mental retardation and other neurologic abnormalities may also
- occur. Liver cell cancer also occurs.
-
- Causes
-
- Tyrosinemia is a hereditary disorder probably transmitted by autosomal
- recessive genes. The genetic abnormality causes insufficient levels of the
- enzyme parahydroxyphenylperuvic acid (p-HPPA) oxidase. (Human traits
- including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of
- two genes for that condition, one received from the father and one from the
- mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a
- person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives
- one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier
- for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting
- the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a
- recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children
- will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of
- their children will receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will
- be genetically normal.)
-
- Affected Population
-
- Tyrosinemia in the acute form affects approximately one in 100,000 newborns
- in the United States. Both sexes are affected in equal numbers. The chronic
- form of this disorder affects far fewer patients than the acute form.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Prenatal diagnosis of children at risk for Tyrosinemia can be made from
- identification of amniotic cells in the uterus with a reduced activity of the
- enzyme fumarylacetoacetase or by detection of succinylacetone in amniotic
- fluid.
-
- The intake of the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine must be
- restricted in the diet of patients with Tyrosinemia. Since these amino acids
- occur in all foods, the diet must be severely restricted and medical foods or
- formulas substituted. However, some forms of Tyrosinemia do not respond to
- dietary restrictions. There are several disorders that mimic Tyrosinemia.
- Proper diagnosis is essential before long-term dietary treatment is
- initiated. Liver transplantation has proven to be helpful for severely
- affected patients. Genetic counseling is highly recommended. Other
- treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- A new drug is being studied for treatment of Hereditary Tyrosinemia. The
- drug called NTBC is manufactured by ICI and is being supplied by Professor
- Lindstedt of Gothenburg University in Sweden. For more information
- physicians may contact:
-
- Professor Lindstedt
- Dept. of Clinical Chemistry
- Gothenburg University
- Sahlgren's Hospital
- S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- November 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Hereditary Tyrosinemia, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
- Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
- Crewe CW1 1XN, England
- Telephone: (0270) 250244
-
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
- Box NDDIC
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 468-6344
-
- Jess Thoene, M.D.
- Department of Pediatrics
- University of Michigan
- School of Medicine
- Ann Arbor, MI 48109
-
- For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please
- contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et al.,
- eds.: McGraw-Hill, 1983. Pp. 288-394.
-
- PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF HEREDITARY TYROSINEMIA BY DETERMINATION OF
- FUMARYLACETOACETASE IN CULTURED AMNIOTIC FLUID CELLS: E.A. Kvittingen, et
- al.; Pediatr Res (April 1985: issue 19,4). Pp. 334-337.
-
- Neurologic Crises in Hereditary Tyrosinemia: G. Mitchell, et al.; N Eng
- J Med (February 15, 1990: issue 322, (7)). Pp. 432-437.
-
-